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Journal number 2 ∘

Journal N2, 2025 content

journal N2 2025  შინაარსი - C O N T E N T S  ჯანდაცვის ეკონომიკა– ECONOMIC OF HEALTHCARE   Ramaz Abesadze, Demetre Abesadze– Zoonotic Diseases and their Socio-Economic Consequences  8 რამაზ აბესაძე,  დემეტრე აბესაძე  –  ზოონოზური დაავადებები და მათი სოციალურ-ეკონომიკური შედეგები  14 საერთაშორისო ეკონომიკური ურთიერთობები– INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS   Emir Eteria– Impact of the EU-Georgia Association Agreement on the Georgia’s Capital Integration with the
2025-06-28
Journal number 2 ∘ Ramaz Abesadze Demetre Abesadze

Zoonotic diseases and their socio-economic consequences

journal N2 2025  DOI: 10.52340/ekonomisti.2025.02.01 Expanded Summary Annotation.  The paper examines the essence of zoonotic diseases, their sources and types of origin, as well as the socio-economic consequences of zoonoses, both in general and in a historical context. It is noted that any zoonoses cause certain negative economic and social consequences. The direct costs of zoonotic diseases are associated with mortality (reduction in labor force, decrease in human capital); with the loss of physical capital (loss of gross domestic product); with the reduction of funding for scientific and research work (delay in economic development); with human disease (expenditures in the healthcare sector) and animal morbidity (treatment of domestic animals, deterioration of the ecological conditions). The indirect costs of the disease are associated with disease prevention and control measures; Market impacts, such as trade, travel regulations and restrictions; reduced
2025-06-28
Journal number 2 ∘ Emir Eteria

Impact of the EU-Georgia Association Agreement on the Georgias Capital Integration with the EU

journal N2 2025  DOI: 10.52340/ekonomisti.2025.02.02 Abstract: This paper aims to examine impact of the EU-Georgia Association Agreement (AA), including its integral part on Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), on dynamics of the EU Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) in Georgia. The EU-Georgia AA/DCFTA has political as well as economic dimensions and aims at political association and gradual economic integration of Georgia with the EU. To achieve higher level of economic integration with the EU, Georgia should attract more Foreign Direct Investments from the EU countries through effective implementation of the AA and therefore, increase capital integration dimension, which is essential prerequisite for gradual economic integration with the EU. Study period is divided into two parts: first, 2005-2014 (10 years before AA/DCFTA) and second, 2015-2024 (10 years after AA/DCFTA). Analysis of respective indicators of capital integration based on the data for the period
2025-06-28
Journal number 2 ∘ Givi Lemonjava

Capital Budgeting in Financial Modeling

journal N2 2025  DOI: 10.52340/ekonomisti.2025.02.03 Annotation:The paper discusses the company's financial budgeting process and methods for evaluating investment projects. The paper provides an analysis of their strengths and weaknesses and identifies ways to overcome these weaknesses. The paper also develops an investment project evaluation model and a computer program for  use this model in practice. This tool was used to perform sensitivity analysis and show results of analysis graphically. Keywords: Capital budgeting, Payback Period, Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRRI), Modified Internal Rate of Return, Profitability Index (PI), and Hurdle Rate of Return. Introduction Capital budgeting is one of the pivotal tools that evaluate the returns expected from investments projects[1,2]. Using these tools, a company assesses the risks and returns properly and make informed decisions to achieve its objectives. The most firms employ several
2025-06-28
Journal number 2 ∘ Tea Lazarashvili Irine Mamaladze Alexander Khvedeliani

Corporate Social Responsibility: Trends and Key Challenges

journal N2 2025  DOI: 10.52340/ekonomisti.2025.02.04 Expanded Summary In recent years, the problem of corporate social responsibility has become increasingly relevant. The growing role of transnational corporations, increased demands from society and the state towards them exacerbate the problem of corporate social responsibility. The negative aspects of globalization require transnational corporations to make appropriate decisions, which is expressed in corporate social responsibility. Approaches to corporate social responsibility vary from country to country, due to economic, political and cultural characteristics. There are several main models of corporate social responsibility known worldwide, each with its own specific characteristics and priorities. The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) for countries. In times of crisis, most companies are committed to supporting their employees, customers, and
2025-06-28
Journal number 2 ∘ Ketevan Omanadze

Team management in medical institutions during crises

journal N2 2025  DOI: 10.52340/ekonomisti.2025.02.05 Exapanded Summary A crisis often reveals the true face of an organization because it presents an organization with new challenges and provides a whole new vision of how an organization works, which is difficult to see under normal circumstances. The first response to the crisis is to activate crisis management and form a crisis management team. The main goal of the crisis management team is to prepare the organization for new ways of functioning, using its capabilities. To present the strengths of the organization in order to reduce the negative consequences caused by the crisis. Successful crisis management and organization recovery depends on the quality of crisis management team functioning. Teamwork is one of the main activities in the organization to deal with crises, for this it is necessary to form a management team, the purpose of which is to effectively deal with the crisis. Organizations that do not have
2025-06-28
Journal number 2 ∘ Tengiz Verulava

Attitudes of healthcare professionals towards tobacco use and anti-tobacco counseling practices in Georgia

journal N2 2025  DOI: 10.52340/ekonomisti.2025.02.06 Expanded Summary Introduction Doctors play a significant role in supporting patients to quit tobacco use. The formation of patient attitudes and the implementation of preventive measures often depend on doctors’ knowledge and perspectives regarding the harmful effects of tobacco. The aim of this study is to analyze physicians’ attitudes toward tobacco use and their practices in providing anti-tobacco counseling to patients. Methodology A quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2024. A total of 275 physicians were randomly selected from five major hospitals in Tbilisi, out of which 242 completed a pre-structured electronic questionnaire using an online platform (Google Forms). Results The study showed that the prevalence of tobacco use was 39.4% among male physicians and 13.63% among female physicians. The average tobacco use rate in the general population significantly
2025-06-28
Journal number 2 ∘ David Chelidze

Trends in the Georgian State Budget and Some Directions for Improving the Expenditure Part

journal N2 2025  Expanded Summary  The first part of the paper presents the dynamics of three key parameters—state budget revenues, expenditures, and debt—over the 30-year history (1996–2025) of Georgia’s state budget, which is prepared in the national currency.  Alongside the dynamics of the main budget parameters in recent years (2015–2025), the paper examines the trends in their share relative to the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) for the corresponding years.   The revealed reality, particularly the fact that the growth rate of external debt servicing (repayment) surpasses that of all other budgetary parameters, is considered a matter of significant concern.   While the high rate of external debt servicing can be viewed positively in one respect, its negative aspect is also evident—namely, the undesirable prospect of future increases in budgetary expenditures.   In parallel with the rapid growth
2025-06-28
Journal number 2 ∘ Nino Rukhaia-Mosmgvdlishvili Ucha Gogidze

Digital Advertising Platforms in Georgia: Compatibility with International Trends and Local Specifics

journal N2 2025  Expanded Summary This research explores how digital advertising platforms are used by Georgian businesses and whether these practices match international marketing trends. The main purpose was to find out how digital innovations have influenced marketing strategies in Georgia over the past five years. We used a mixed-methods approach, including quantitative surveys and interviews with professionals who run digital campaigns for different companies. The study involved specialists from small, medium, and large companies operating in Georgia. Most of them are digital marketers or advertising managers who directly control or influence their company’s marketing activities. We collected data through both closed-question surveys and in-depth interviews, focusing on their use of platforms, advertising goals, and challenges. One interesting result is that the average age of digital marketing professionals in Georgia is 27.9 years, and most of them do not stay
2025-06-28
Journal number 2 ∘ Maya Gonashvili Tamar Agladze

Loan Issuance Process Optimization "To-Be" Model (Case Study: Bank of Georgia)

journal N2 2025  Expanded Summary The banking sector frequently faces challenges stemming from the inefficient utilization of resources during process execution, leading to a decline in both qualitative and quantitative performance indicators. This issue remains a persistent focus for Georgian banking institutions. Compounding this, the pervasive drive towards digitalization of business processes, inherent in the evolving digital economy, necessitates robust process optimization strategies. This study aimed to address these critical issues and prevalent challenges within the Georgian banking sector. To achieve this, a comprehensive research effort was undertaken from April to May 2025. The scope of the investigation encompassed various facets of banking operations, including process analysis, optimization techniques, customer behavior research, and their collective impact on operational efficiency. This article specifically presents an in-depth analysis of loan issuance
2025-06-28
Journal number 2 ∘ Natia Barbakadze

Challenges of Employment in the Tourism Sector

journal N2 2025  Annotation. The tourism industry plays a crucial role in the global economy, contributing significantly to employment, GDP, and infrastructure development. Georgia's tourism sector holds great potential due to its rich cultural and natural heritage; however, challenges such as job instability, low wages, and insufficient professional training hinder its sustainable growth. This study analyzes the employment structure, availability of professional training programs, and key barriers in the sector. The findings highlight limited access to specialized education and inadequate support for stable employment, both of which impede the industry's development. The research recommends improving training programs, promoting job stability, and implementing regulatory reforms. A collaborative approach involving businesses and educational institutions will help unlock the sector’s full potential and foster long-term economic growth. Keywords: Tourism industry,
2025-06-28
Journal number 2 ∘ Levan Shubitidze

Hybrid Army Systems and Their Economic Impacts on the Labor Market

journal N2 2025   Expanded Summary    This paper investigates the transformative role of hybrid army systems and their broader economic impact, with a particular focus on labor market dynamics. Hybrid army systems, defined by the integration of traditional military functions with advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, autonomous vehicles, and cyber warfare capabilities, are fundamentally reshaping modern military organization. This evolution extends beyond technological upgrades, initiating deep structural changes in military labor composition, training needs, and employment models, with significant ripple effects in civilian sectors.    The shift from manpower-intensive military models to high-tech, networked, and digitally integrated hybrid systems requires fewer personnel overall, but those individuals must possess more specialized and technical skills. Traditional combat roles are increasingly supplemented or replaced by
2025-06-28
Journal number 2 ∘ Gigi Elizbarashvili

COMMENSURATEDEVELOPMENTOF THE COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD AND IT’S ASSESSMENT INDICATORS

journal N2 2025  Expanded Summary This article explores the issue of commensurate economic development across different countries, emphasizing the socio-economic challenges caused by imbalances between capital cities and regions. A significant gap in development leads to regional depopulation and resource-strained capital cities with excessively concentrated populations. This imbalance weakens a country’s overall economic potential and creates long-term structural challenges. The study aims to analyze the importance of balanced economic development, identify ways to reduce disparities, and introduce assessment indicators. Factors contributing to regional underdevelopment include limited investments, poor infrastructure, unemployment, and lack of essential services, which drive migration and poverty. Social factors such as low incomes, high living costs, and limited opportunities for youth also play a role. Institutional and political factors further influence these
2025-06-28
Journal number 2 ∘ Javanshir Burhanzadeh

Economic recovery in post-conflict areas of Azerbaijan: investment potential and management strategies

journal N2 2025  Annotation. The post-conflict areas of Azerbaijan (especially Karabakh and East Zangezur) have significant investment potential in terms of economic, social and infrastructure development. The article discusses the rehabilitation and reconstruction work carried out in Karabakh and East Zangezur and analyzes the investments directed to the post-conflict areas of Azerbaijan. The need for specific approaches, investment management strategies and efficient use of resources for the economic rehabilitation of these areas is emphasized. Keywords: post-conflict areas, Karabakh, East Zangezur, rehabilitation and reconstruction, investment activity, investment management strategies.  İntroduction Economic recovery in our post-conflict areas is of paramount importance for the long-term development of Azerbaijan after its independence. The economic security of the Karabakh and East Zangezur regions is directly linked to the diversification of the non-oil sector.
2025-06-28
Journal number 2 ∘ Levan kikilashvili

Business Environment in Georgia in the Context of Human and Technological Resources: Evolution from the Classical Model to the Digital Era

journal N2 2025  Expanded Summary This article aims to analyze the productive resources of Georgia—specifically human capital and technological capacity—through the lens of contemporary management theories and practices. In a globally dynamic environment shaped by digital transformation, innovation, and green technologies, the country’s long-term economic success depends significantly on the effective management of its strategic resources. The research explores structural challenges in Georgia’s labor market, including skills mismatches, demographic shifts, and high levels of informal employment, all of which constrain organizational development and strategic workforce planning. Emphasis is placed on strengthening human capital through reforms in education and vocational training, fostering a robust startup ecosystem, and enhancing public-private partnerships to advance labor force capabilities. From a technological standpoint, the article reviews the
2025-06-28